Ekaterina Pavlovna Zhukova v Kingdom of Belgium (Belgium-Luxembourg-USSR BIT)

Procedural record

1. 2 October 2026European Union

   2 October 2026European Union

   Order of the General Court of the European Union in Case T-698/25 dated 2 October 2026

   General Court of the European Union, Third Chamber

   Case no.

   T-698/25

   Text

   Citation

   T-698/25

   Decision summary

   The General Court dismissed the action in part for lack of jurisdiction and in part as inadmissible. It held that the contested provisions were measures of general application, that Zhukova was not individually concerned by the contested regulation, and that the three challenged parts entailed implementing measures. The Court also declined to rule on the intervention applications and ordered Zhukova to pay the Council's costs, while the interveners bore their own costs.

   Participants

   Application

   Annulment of Article 1(15) and (16) of Council Decision (CFSP) 2025/1495 and Article 1(18) to (20) of Council Regulation (EU) 2025/1494 insofar as they concerned the applicant

   Application

   Applications to intervene by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the Kingdom of Spain, and the European Commission — No longer any need to rule

   Ekaterina Pavlovna Zhukova

   Representative

   D. Rovetta (For: Ekaterina Pavlovna Zhukova)

   Representative

   M. Campa (For: Ekaterina Pavlovna Zhukova)

   Representative

   V. Villante (For: Ekaterina Pavlovna Zhukova)

   Representative

   M. Moretto (For: Ekaterina Pavlovna Zhukova)

   Council of the European Union

   Representative

   B. Driessen (For: Council of the European Union)

   Representative

   E. Nadbath (For: Council of the European Union)

   High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

   Kingdom of Spain

   European Commission

   General Court of the European Union, Third Chamber

   Judge

   K. Kowalik-Bańczyk

   Judge

   H. Cassagnabère

   Judge

   T. Pavelin

   Court registrar

   V. Di Bucci

   Authorities cited

   29

   • Treaty on European Union
     treaty
   • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
     treaty
   • Council Decision (CFSP) 2014/145 (Council Decision 2014/145/CFSP)
     statute
   • Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 (Regulation (EU) No 269/2014)
     regulation
   • Council Decision 2014/512/CFSP
     statute
   • Regulation (EU) No 833/2014
     regulation
   • Decision (CFSP) 2022/884
     statute
   • Council Regulation (EU) 2022/879 (Regulation (EU) 2022/879)
     regulation
   • Decision (CFSP) 2022/883
     statute
   • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/878 (Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/878)
     regulation
   • Council Decision (CFSP) 2025/1495
     statute
   • Council Regulation (EU) 2025/1494 (Regulation (EU) 2025/1494)
     regulation
   • Belgium-Luxembourg-USSR Agreement concerning the mutual encouragement and protection of investments (Agreement between the Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, concerning the mutual encouragement and protection of investments, signed at Moscow on 9 February 1989)
     treaty
   • Rules of Procedure of the General Court
     court rule
   • Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, signed in New York on 10 June 1958
     convention
   • Rosneft (C-72/15, EU:C:2017:236)
     case-law
   • KS and Others v Council and Others (C-29/22 P and C-44/22 P, EU:C:2024:725)
     case-law
   • Gbagbo and Others v Council (C-478/11 P to C-482/11 P, EU:C:2013:258)
     case-law
   • Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines and Others v Council (T-14/14 and T-87/14, EU:T:2017:102)
     case-law
   • Gazprom Neft v Council (T-735/14 and T-799/14, EU:T:2018:548)
     case-law
   • Deutsche Lufthansa v Commission (C-453/19 P, EU:C:2021:608)
     case-law
   • Nord Stream 2 v Parliament and Council (C-348/20 P, EU:C:2022:548)
     case-law
   • Stichting Woonpunt and Others v Commission (C-132/12 P, EU:C:2014:100)
     case-law
   • Nicoventures Trading and Others v Commission (C-731/23 P, EU:C:2025:982)
     case-law
   • Venezuela v Council (C-872/19 P, EU:C:2021:507)
     case-law
   • T & L Sugars and Sidul Açúcares v Commission (C-456/13 P, EU:C:2015:284)
     case-law
   • Industrias Químicas del Vallés v Commission (C-244/16 P, EU:C:2018:177)
     case-law
   • T & L Sugars and Sidul Açúcares v Commission (T-279/11, EU:T:2013:299)
     case-law
   • Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori v Commission; Commission v Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori and Commission v Ferracci (C-622/16 P to C-624/16 P, EU:C:2018:873)
     case-law